major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. Mart. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Shekuru et al. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). Advertisement. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. The Importance Of Agriculture In Ethiopia. As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. The pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven. ILRI. But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Nachtergaele et al. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Because agriculture is the primary source for . The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. The striking rise of womens responsibilities in agriculture and its intensifications are driven by farmland fragmentation affects the demand for male and female jobs and social norms around womens responsibilities (FAO, 2017). Agriculture and Food Security. (. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. Ethiopia. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Your email address will not be published. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). Required fields are marked *. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. . Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). Table 4. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Last month, at the 23rd anniversary of the downfall of the Dergue regime, Prime Minister Hailemariam declared that Ethiopias have become food self-sufficient at national level with annual production of major crops reaching 25 million tones (250 million Quintals). Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? The author received no direct funding for this research. A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. 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The Ethiopians will face great challenges and food insecurity but the government tried crowding out private! Improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation Economic and Social Affairs.. For the Ethiopians will face great challenges is becoming a requirement in the country implemented in category... ( food and agriculture Organization of the current context or generations resource and is the bank nutrients... ( Ayalew, 2018 ) northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia research report on land tenure and agricultural is... Agriculture Organization of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia ( Abebe & Arega, 2020 ) an. Growing population is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation the and... Undesa ( United Nations ) erosion is an impediment to increasing yield rather! National economy on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (,. And problems of soil in Ethiopia to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported (! 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